(2)系表結(jié)構(gòu)一般只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)等少數(shù)幾種時(shí)態(tài)；而被動(dòng)語態(tài)可用多種時(shí)態(tài)。 The composition is well written. 這篇作文寫得很好。(系表結(jié)構(gòu)) The composition is being written. 這篇作文正在寫。(被動(dòng)語態(tài)) (3)系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞可被very, too, so修飾，被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的過去分詞須用much修飾。 The boy was too frightened to move. 這孩子嚇得動(dòng)也不敢動(dòng)。(系表結(jié)構(gòu)) He was very excited.他很激動(dòng)。(系表結(jié)構(gòu)) He was much excited by the news. 他聽到消息后很激動(dòng)。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)) (4)be ＋ 不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞通常是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 Her money is all gone. 她的錢都花光了。 The moon is risen. 月亮升起來了。 (5)表示“充滿”意思的“be ＋ 過去分詞 ＋ with”結(jié)構(gòu)多為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 The mountain is covered with snow all the year round.這座山終年被積雪覆蓋。 The classroom was crowded with pupils. 教室里擠滿了學(xué)生。 The lake is dotted with fishing boats. 湖里漁帆點(diǎn)點(diǎn)。 The floor was piled with old books. 地板上堆滿了舊書。 (6)remain, feel, lie, stand 以及 become, grow 等詞 ＋ 過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)多為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 The matter remained unsettled. 這件事懸而未決。 She felt disappointed. 她感到失望。 The road became crowded. 道路擁擠了。 (7)句中有時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí)，一般為被動(dòng)語態(tài)，反之為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 The bank is closed. 銀行現(xiàn)在關(guān)門了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu)) The bank is usually closed at six. 銀行通常6點(diǎn)關(guān)門。(被動(dòng)語態(tài)) 1. The World Health Organization warned that Asian countries ________ attentive to bird flu since Asia ________ got rid of the disease completely. A. should keep; has

　　B. must remain; has not C. ought to stay; has been

　　D. shall be; has not been B　該題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法和語態(tài)。第一空使用should keep 或 must remain 都能講得通；但第二空必須使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式，且為主動(dòng)語態(tài)。 2. We can't go on with the experiment because the computer________. A. hasn't been repaired B. hasn't repaired C. is not repaired D. hadn't been repaired A　A項(xiàng)用了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，意思是計(jì)算機(jī)“還未被修好”。B選項(xiàng)中repair為及物動(dòng)詞，缺賓語，填上后句子不通；C選項(xiàng)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，它只表示并不是“修過的”；D選項(xiàng)時(shí)態(tài)不對(duì)。 3. Mrs. Green wants to buy that kind of cloth because she ________ that the cloth________ very well. A. has been told; washes B. is told; is washed C. has been told; is washed D. is told ；is washed

　　A　根據(jù)語境，第一個(gè)空白處應(yīng)該使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，第二個(gè)空白處應(yīng)該選用washes，因?yàn)閣ash這個(gè)動(dòng)詞也可作不及物動(dòng)詞使用，它的詞意是“耐洗”。英語中This cloth washes well.表達(dá)的是：這布很耐洗。 * 2. A　本題考查動(dòng)詞辨析。appeal to 吸引； belong to 屬于； refer to 提到；涉及； occur to 突然想到。 句意為“他的演唱并不怎么吸引我。” 故最佳答案為A。 2. — How did you like Nick's performance last night?

　　— To be honest, his singing didn't ________ to me

　　much.(2010·安徽)

　　A. appeal

　　B. belong

　　C. refer

　　D. occur 3. C　本題考查與get相關(guān)的短語辨析。分析四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思：get away with 僥幸逃脫； get on with 與……友好相處； get through 接通，順利通過，完成； get across 被理解，越過。根據(jù)語境：經(jīng)過那件事之后，他明白了他能盡一切可能去順利解決任何突發(fā)情況。 3. After that, he knew he could ________ any emergency by doing what be could to the best of his ability.(2010·浙江)

　　A. get away with

　　B. get on with

　　C. get through

　　D. get across 4. B　考查狀語從句。句意為：盡管Tim不經(jīng)常鍛煉，但他身材很好。前后是讓步轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故選B項(xiàng)。 4. Tim is in good shape physically ________ he doesn't get much exercise.(2010·湖南)

　　A. if

　　B. even though

　　C. unless

　　D. as long as 5. C　考查從屬連詞。wherever 無論哪里； whenever 無論何時(shí)； as if 似乎； even if 意為“即使”，符合句意。“工程師們都很忙，他們沒有時(shí)間進(jìn)行戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)，即使他們有這樣的興趣”。 5. The engineers are so busy that they have zero time for outdoor sports actives, ________ they have the interest.(2010·安徽)

　　A. wherever

　　B. whenever

　　C. even if

　　D. as if 如何寫好狀語從句

　　復(fù)合句是更高層次的句子。在寫好簡(jiǎn)單句的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，依據(jù)語法結(jié)構(gòu)用一定的關(guān)系詞連接起來構(gòu)成復(fù)合句，將會(huì)凸顯文章的亮點(diǎn)，使文章增添文采，自然也就使一篇習(xí)作明顯地上了一個(gè)檔次。這里主要講解一下狀語從句的寫作：

　　狀語從句的寫作最主要的是選準(zhǔn)關(guān)聯(lián)詞。 要了解上下句子之間的是邏輯關(guān)系來確定關(guān)聯(lián)詞的意義；其次要確定哪句是主句，哪句為從句，如： 【句型1】主句 ＋ when (while, as, before, after) ＋ 從句 【典型例句】

　　I took care of my little brother while Mother was away. 媽媽不在家，我照顧小弟弟。

　　He had finished his homework before I got home.

　　我回到家之前，他已經(jīng)做完了家庭作業(yè)。

　　My brother learned English after he had entered the college. 我弟弟在考入大學(xué)后學(xué)的英語。 【句型2】主句 ＋ until / till＋從句 【典型例句】 He stayed up until / till it was four next morning.

　　他熬夜一直熬到第二天凌晨4點(diǎn)。 He did not go home until / till he finished his work.

　　他一直把工作做完之后才回家。 He read and read until / till it was dark.

　　他讀著讀著，一直讀到天黑。 把下面兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句合成一個(gè)復(fù)合句 1. He took notes. He was listening to the teacher. ________________________________________________________________________ 1. He took notes as / while / when he was listening to the teacher.

　　2. I started home. I received the letter. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. I started home the moment I received the letter. 3. Everything is ready. We can begin our experiment. ________________________________________________________________________ 3. Since everything is ready, we can begin our experiment. 4. She wore a diamond necklace. People looked at her with admiration. _______________________________________________________________________ 4. She wore such a diamond necklace that people looked at her with admiration. 5. We can't hope to succeed. We have their support. ________________________________________________________________________ 5. We can't hope to succeed unless we have their support. (We can't hope to succeed if we don't have their support.) 動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)(Ⅱ)

　　主動(dòng)形式的簡(jiǎn)單句中，主謂賓，主謂雙賓，主謂賓補(bǔ)3類句子可以改為被動(dòng)句。改為被動(dòng)句的關(guān)鍵是句子中有“及物動(dòng)詞＋賓語”結(jié)構(gòu)。連系動(dòng)詞be(am/is/are)，使役動(dòng)詞have (has/had)，半系動(dòng)詞及所有不及物動(dòng)詞均無被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的句型 1．半連系動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)：look, sound, smell, taste, prove, feel等； 2．當(dāng)open, close, shut, lock, move等用作不及物動(dòng)詞且表示主語的某種屬性時(shí)，通常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。它們常與can't, won't等連用； 3．在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的句子中，為表達(dá)生動(dòng)、簡(jiǎn)潔，read, write, wash, sell, clean, cook, burn, draw, cut, wear等詞常與well, easily, quickly 等副詞連用，常用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，表示事物的屬性特征； 4．表示開始和結(jié)束的動(dòng)詞begin, start, finish, end可用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。

　　1．在使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，千萬不要遺漏句末的介詞或副詞。 Such a bad habit should be got rid of. 這樣的壞習(xí)慣應(yīng)該改掉。 All the important matters have now been attended to. 現(xiàn)在，所有重要的事情都得到了處理。 2．雙重被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) 雙重被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)指的是句中謂語動(dòng)詞和其后的不定式均為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，句子的主語既是謂語動(dòng)詞的承受者，同時(shí)又是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者。 They asked us to discuss the problem at once.

　　We were asked to discuss the problem at once. The problem was asked to be discussed at once. 這個(gè)問題被要求立刻討論。(雙重被動(dòng)) 3．下列句子變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，要用with，不用by Smoke filled the meeting room. ?The meeting room was filled with smoke. A cloth covered the table. ?The table was covered with a cloth. 4．不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu) (1)受動(dòng)詞的限制 ①表示狀態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞，只能用于主動(dòng)語態(tài)。 某些表示狀態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞，如have, own, cost, lack, want (缺乏), become (適合), fit, resemble, fail, last, flee, benefit, hold等作謂語時(shí)，不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句。 She resembles her mother. 她像她媽媽。 He lacks self-confidence. 他缺乏自信。 This hall can hold 2,000 people. 這個(gè)大廳能容納兩千人。 ②當(dāng)及物動(dòng)詞have表示“吃飯”、“患病”、“明白”、“知道”等意思時(shí)，沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式。 Would you have a cup of tea?

　　你要喝杯茶嗎？ ③當(dāng)動(dòng)詞get，take表示“懂得”、“知道”，owe表示“欠”，cost表示“使失去(生命、健康等)”的意思時(shí)，動(dòng)詞沒有相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 Do you get me? 你明白我的意思嗎？ How do you take this passage? 這段話你怎么理解？ I owe 50 pounds to you.

　　我欠你50英鎊。 (2)受賓語的限制 ①當(dāng)賓語是相互代詞、反身代詞或具有類似相互代詞的關(guān)系時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 They simply cannot contain themselves for joy. 他們簡(jiǎn)直無法抑制內(nèi)心的喜悅。 For years the two sisters looked after one another. 多年來兩姐妹互相照顧。 ②當(dāng)賓語前帶有主語的形容詞性物主代詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常不能轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 I could not believe my eyes when I saw him still alive.

　　看到他還活著，我簡(jiǎn)直不相信自己的眼睛。 The doctor shook his head and then went out without any words.

　　醫(yī)生搖了搖頭，一句話也沒說就出去了。 注意：動(dòng)詞的賓語是身體的一部分，一般不可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)，但也有例外。 He fixed his eyes on the oil painting. ?His eyes were fixed on the oil painting. ③當(dāng)賓語起狀語作用，表示數(shù)量、重量、大小或程度時(shí)，不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 This kind of dictionary costs ten dollars. 這種字典價(jià)值10美元。 The case weighs twenty kilos. 這箱子重20公斤。 ④當(dāng)賓語是同源賓語時(shí)，通常不能轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 She dreamt a sweet dream. 她做了一個(gè)美夢(mèng)。 ⑤如果賓語是動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)詞的-ing形式時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般不能轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 He admitted having done wrong. 他承認(rèn)做錯(cuò)了。 He has decided to go and study abroad. 他已決定出國(guó)留學(xué)。 ⑥如果enter, leave, reach的賓語是地點(diǎn)、國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)等，不能改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 He left the army in 1998. 他1998年退伍。 She entered the hall at once. 她立刻就進(jìn)入了大廳。 ⑦另外，不可拆開的短語動(dòng)詞，如take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change colour等，也不能改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 The book belongs to me. 這本書是我的。 She caught a very bad cold. 她患了重感冒。

　　5．不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的動(dòng)賓詞組 catch a cold 感冒 eat one's words 食言 lose heart 喪失信心 lose patience 失去耐心 make a face 做鬼臉 make up one's mind 決心 make bed 鋪床 make room for 為……騰出地方 keep watch 守望 keep silence 保持安靜 speak one's mind 表明見解 take place 發(fā)生 take one's time 從容不迫 take office 就職 take one's leave 請(qǐng)假 take notes 做筆記 take up arms 拿起武器 take one's place 就位 6．含有would rather或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞dare的句子，不能改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 I would rather do it now. 我寧可現(xiàn)在就干這件事。 He dare not do it. 他不敢干那件事。 7．被動(dòng)語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別 所謂系表結(jié)構(gòu)，在此指“連系動(dòng)詞＋用作表語的動(dòng)詞-ed形式”結(jié)構(gòu)。它與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式完全一樣，所以在應(yīng)用時(shí)應(yīng)注意它們的區(qū)別。 (1)被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的過去分詞是動(dòng)詞，多強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)。前者通常可用by＋人或by＋抽象名詞表動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而后者則一般不用。 The gate to the garden was locked by the girl. 花園的門被那個(gè)女孩鎖上了。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)) The gate to the garden was locked. 花園的門鎖了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu)) The tree was blown down by the high winds. 那棵樹被大風(fēng)吹倒了。(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))

　　The tree was blown down when we saw it. 我們看到那棵樹時(shí)，它已經(jīng)被吹倒了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu)) 注意：少數(shù)“連系動(dòng)詞be ＋ 用作表語的動(dòng)詞-ed形式”也帶by短語。 The old man was surrounded by small children. 老人被孩子們團(tuán)團(tuán)圍住。(被動(dòng)語態(tài)) Guilin is surrounded by hills and mountains. 桂林周圍都是山。(系表結(jié)構(gòu)) We were held up by fog. 我們因霧受阻。(被動(dòng)語態(tài)) The tree is known by its fruit. 看到果子就知道是什么樹。(系表結(jié)構(gòu)) Unit 1

　　Advertising 1、promote vt. 增進(jìn)，促進(jìn)；提升，使晉級(jí)；宣傳，推廣，推銷(商品等)

　　commercials promoting a new product

　　促進(jìn)新產(chǎn)品銷售的商業(yè)廣告

　　promote growth / prosperity / understanding

　　促進(jìn)增長(zhǎng)/繁榮/了解

　　be promoted (to be) captain / to the rank of captain

　　被提升為隊(duì)長(zhǎng) ◆The boy was promoted to the fourth grade.

　　這個(gè)男孩升到四年級(jí)了。 2、 determine vt. 決定；決心，決意；確定；使下定決心

　　determination n. 決心 　determined adj. 堅(jiān)定的，堅(jiān)決的 　determine to do sth. 決心做某事 　be determined to do sth. 決心做某事 　determine on/upon sth. 對(duì)某事下定決心 　determine sb. to do sth. 使某人決心做某事 ◆He determined to go / that he (should) go at once.

　　他決心立刻就走。 ◆He has been determined to learn English well.

　　他已下決心學(xué)好英語。 ◆They determined on an early start.

　　他們決定早些出發(fā)。 ◆I have determined on / upon going to the countryside after graduation.

　　我已決定畢業(yè)后到農(nóng)村去。

　　“決定干某事”的其他表達(dá)法有： 　decide to do sth. 決定干某事 　make a decision to do sth. 決定干某事 　make up one's mind to do sth. 決心干某事

　　______ to win the gold medal, the athlete has been making preparations for more than three years.

　　A. Be determined

　　B. Determined

　　C. Determine

　　D. To determine B　be determined to do中的determined事實(shí)上已轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞，這里為形容詞短語充當(dāng)狀語。 3、persuade

　　vt. 說服；使信服 persuade sb. to do/into doing sth. 說服某人做某事 try to persuade sb. to do/advise sb. into doing sth. 勸說某人做某事(不一定成功) persuade sb. not to do/out of doing sth. 勸阻某人做某事 persuade sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事 persuade sb. that 使某人相信…… ◆I persuaded him to go with me. 我勸他和我一起去。 ◆I will try to persuade him into returning home. 我試著勸他回家。 4、share vt. 分享 ◆Will you share your sandwich with me? 你可以和我分享你的三明治嗎？ vi. 共同承擔(dān) ◆All the countries share in the responsibility for the financial crisis. 所有的國(guó)家都共同為金融危機(jī)負(fù)責(zé)。 n. 份額 ◆We must make sure that everyone gets equal shares of the food. 我們必須確保每個(gè)人都獲得相同分量的食物。 ◆The total bill comes to ￡80, so our share is ￡20. 賬單總共是80英鎊，所以我們的份額是20英鎊。

　　From my perspective, a real friend is one who will always ______ your sorrow and joy.

　　A. take

　　B. appreciate

　　C. share

　　D. share in

　　D　share后常接表示具體意義的名詞，而share in后常接表示抽象意義的名詞。 5、serve vt. 服務(wù) ◆That's the restaurant where they refused to serve Tom because he was so rude.

　　那個(gè)就是拒絕為湯姆提供服務(wù)的餐館，因?yàn)樗拄斄恕?/p>

　　vi. & vt. 提供食物；在……工作 ◆Breakfast is served in the restaurant between 7 and 9.

　　這個(gè)餐館在7點(diǎn)到9點(diǎn)之間提供早餐。 ◆He served in the army in India for twenty years.

　　他在印度的部隊(duì)里服役了20年。

　　In some parts of the world, tea ______ with milk and sugar.

　　A. is serving

　　B. is served

　　C. serves

　　D. served B 6、appeal n. & v. 呼吁；懇求；訴諸，求助；吸引(力) appeal to sb. for sth. / to do sth. 懇求某人某事 / 做某事 appeal to sb. 吸引某人 appeal to sb. 向某人申訴/上訴 appealing adj. 有吸引力的，有趣的 ◆The United Nations' appeal for a ceasefire has been ignored by both sides.

　　兩邊對(duì)聯(lián)合國(guó)的停火呼吁不予理會(huì)。 ◆The idea appealed to Mary.

　　這個(gè)想法吸引了瑪麗。 ◆These subjects have lost their appeal to most students.

　　這些科目對(duì)許多學(xué)生已經(jīng)失去了吸引力。

　　The police　(正呼吁公眾) for information about the crime.