初升高英語(yǔ)銜接班第2講
初升高英語(yǔ)銜接班第2講
初升高英語(yǔ)銜接班第2講
一. 本周教學(xué)內(nèi)容
初升高英語(yǔ)銜接班第2講
初中基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)疏理(2)
二. 重、難點(diǎn)
有關(guān)簡(jiǎn)單句、復(fù)合句及并列句的知識(shí)疏理:
1. 簡(jiǎn)單句:
(1)定義:只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)(或并列主語(yǔ))和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)(或并列謂語(yǔ))的句子叫簡(jiǎn)單句,如:We learn English . 我們學(xué)英語(yǔ)。(一個(gè)主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ))
Both Xiao Zhang and Xiao Wang are from Beijing .
小張和小王都是北京人。(一個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ))
He once lived and worked here .
他曾經(jīng)在這里居住和工作過(guò)。(一個(gè)主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ))
My father and mother go to work at seven in the morning and come back home at eight in the evening .
我父母早上七點(diǎn)上班,晚上八點(diǎn)回家。(一個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ))
(2)分類(lèi):上次我們對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單句按照句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)分出的5種類(lèi)型做了闡述;另外,根據(jù)句子的功能或使用目的,簡(jiǎn)單句可分四類(lèi):陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句、感嘆句。
2. 并列句:
(1)定義:用并列連接詞連接起來(lái)的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上簡(jiǎn)單句叫做并列句。
(2)并列句的構(gòu)成:簡(jiǎn)單句+連接詞+簡(jiǎn)單句
(3)連接并列句常用的連接詞:and , but , or , so , not only but also , however , neithernor , eitheror , still等。
eg.
I help her and she helps me . 我?guī)退?她幫我。
He is very old but he is in good health . 他年紀(jì)很大了,但他身體很好。
We must hurry or we'll be late . 我們得趕快走,不然就晚了。
This girl did her work carefully , so she never made any mistakes .
這個(gè)姑娘工作認(rèn)真,從不出差錯(cuò)。
Jim not only wrote to me last week but also came to see me yesterday .
吉姆上星期不但寫(xiě)信給我,而且昨天還來(lái)看過(guò)我。
Neither could theory do without practice, nor could practice do without theory .
理論沒(méi)有實(shí)踐不行,實(shí)踐沒(méi)有理論也不行。
Either he is to blame or I am . 不是他該受責(zé)備,就是我該受責(zé)備。
注意:連接詞so除起連接并列句作用外,兼有結(jié)果意味;有時(shí)so在后一句中代替前一句中某一句中成分。例如:
He can swim , so can I . 他會(huì)游泳,我也會(huì)。(so代替swim)
Iron is a kind of matter , so are water and air .
鐵是一種物質(zhì),水和空氣也是物質(zhì)。(so在后一句中起表語(yǔ)作用)
3. 主從復(fù)合句
(1)定義:主從復(fù)合句是由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成的。主句是句子的主體,從句可視作句子的一個(gè)成分。從句在主從復(fù)合句中可起主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)作用。從句在全句中起什么作用,就叫什么從句。
(2)狀語(yǔ)從句:狀語(yǔ)從句在句中起狀語(yǔ)作用,修飾主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞。在初中階段我們主要學(xué)習(xí)了以下幾種狀語(yǔ)從句:
① 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句:常見(jiàn)引導(dǎo)詞:when(當(dāng)時(shí)),as(一邊一邊,當(dāng)時(shí)),while(在過(guò)程中),before(在以前),after(在之后),since(自從以來(lái)),till(until)(直到,直到才),as soon as(一就)等。
進(jìn)入高中階段之后,我們還會(huì)再見(jiàn)到另外一些常用的連接詞。在由以上連接詞或詞組連接的主從復(fù)合句中,主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作和從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作有時(shí)是同時(shí)發(fā)生、有時(shí)是先后發(fā)生。因此,在理解和運(yùn)用帶時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句時(shí),要根據(jù)連接詞所表示的不同時(shí)間意義,特別注意主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。這是掌握時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵。
② 原因狀語(yǔ)從句:常由because(因?yàn)?,since(既然),as(由于)等連接詞引導(dǎo)。
eg.
He didn't hear the knocking at the door because he was listening to the radio .
他沒(méi)聽(tīng)見(jiàn)敲門(mén)聲,因?yàn)樗诼?tīng)收音機(jī)。
Since you are free today , you had better help me with my English .
既然你今天休息,你最好幫我學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。
As the day was fine , they decided to go on a trip .
由于天氣好,他們決定作一次短途旅行。
③ 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句:
常由where(在地方),wherever(無(wú)論在哪兒)等連接詞引導(dǎo)。
如:
I'll go where work conditions are difficult . 我愿意到工作條件困難的地方去。
Wherever you are , you should work for the people heart and soul .
無(wú)論你在哪里工作,你都應(yīng)該全心全意為人民服務(wù)。
④ 條件狀語(yǔ)從句:常由if(假如,如果),unless(除非)等連接詞或連接詞組引導(dǎo)。如:
If I go to the Great Wall tomorrow , would you like to come along ?
如果明天我去長(zhǎng)城,你會(huì)和我一起去嗎?
He is sure to come unless he has some urgent work to do at home .
除非他家里有急事要辦,不然他一定會(huì)來(lái)的。
⑤ 比較或方式狀語(yǔ)從句:常由asas(像一樣),than(比),thethe(越就越),as(正如),as if(似乎,好象)等引導(dǎo)。如:
I know you better than she does . 我比她更了解你。
The more you practice , the more knowledge you will get . 你實(shí)踐得越多,你得到的知識(shí)就越多。
You should study English as hard as Mary does .
你應(yīng)該像瑪麗那樣努力學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。
The old man runs very fast as if he were a young man .
這位老人跑得很快,簡(jiǎn)單像個(gè)年輕人。(在以as if連接的從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式,系動(dòng)詞were可用于所有人稱(chēng),表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣,而不是真實(shí)情況。)
⑥ 目的狀語(yǔ)從句:常由so(使得),that(以便),so that(為了,使得),in order that(這樣就)等來(lái)引導(dǎo)。如:
They set out early that they might arrive at the station in time .
他們很早出發(fā),以便及時(shí)趕到車(chē)站。
She takes notes carefully in class so that she may use them when she reviews her lessons after class . 她在課上認(rèn)真記筆記,以便能在課下利用它們復(fù)習(xí)功課。
⑦ 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句:常由so(結(jié)果),so that(結(jié)果),sothat(suchthat)(如此以致)等連接詞引導(dǎo)。如:
Everybody lent a hand , so the work was done in time . 人人幫忙,結(jié)果工作及時(shí)完成。
He finished his homework so well that his teacher praised him in class .
他作業(yè)完成得很好,結(jié)果他的老師在班上表?yè)P(yáng)了他。
The film was so interesting that I enjoyed it very much .
這部電影這么有趣(以致于)我非常喜歡它。
It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it away . 這是一個(gè)很重的箱子,誰(shuí)也搬不走。
⑧ 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句:常由though(although)(雖然但),even if(即使),however(不管怎樣),whatever(無(wú)論什么),no matter how(who)(不管多么)(無(wú)論誰(shuí))等連接詞或連接詞組引導(dǎo)。如:
He went to school , though he was ill . 雖然他病了,但還是去上學(xué)了。(注意:有(al)though的句子,就有雖但是的含義,不能在主句中用but,但可接yet,still等。)
She carried on the job even if she had a bad cold . 即使她患了重感冒,她還是堅(jiān)持工作。
However much I tried , I failed to work out the maths problem .
無(wú)論我怎么做,都算不出這道數(shù)學(xué)題來(lái)。
Whatever you say , I will not change my mind . 不論你怎么說(shuō),我都不會(huì)改變主意。
He keeps taking physical training in winter no matter how cold it is .
不論天氣多冷,他都堅(jiān)持在冬天進(jìn)行體育鍛煉。
No matter who asks her for help , she is ready to help . 無(wú)論誰(shuí)請(qǐng)她幫忙,她都愿意幫助。
(3)定語(yǔ)從句:
在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句。被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞,定語(yǔ)從句必須放在先行詞之后。
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有who , whom , whose , which , that等。這些是我們?cè)诔踔幸褜W(xué)習(xí)過(guò)的,對(duì)于它們的用法已經(jīng)在以前的講解中多次提到過(guò),主要掌握它們指代人還是物,在句中可以充當(dāng)什么成分。
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系副詞有where , when , why等,這些是高中要學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容,在后面的講解中我們會(huì)滲透其用法及定語(yǔ)從句其他內(nèi)容。
(4)名詞性從句:
在主從復(fù)合句中,從句可以起主句的主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ)作用在多數(shù)情況下,這四種句子成分由名詞性詞類(lèi)充當(dāng),所以起這四種成分作用的從句統(tǒng)稱(chēng)為名詞性從句。
引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有:連接詞that , whether , if;疑問(wèn)代詞who , what , which , whose;疑問(wèn)副詞when , where , how , why等。在這四種從句中,我們已學(xué)過(guò)的是賓語(yǔ)從句,其他三種在課文中偶爾出現(xiàn)過(guò),只要求理解,賓語(yǔ)從句是必須掌握的內(nèi)容,對(duì)于它的三要素也已多次復(fù)習(xí)過(guò),請(qǐng)同學(xué)們認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)并將有關(guān)練習(xí)題做好,為今后學(xué)習(xí)其他三種名詞性從句打好基礎(chǔ)。
【模擬試題】
主從復(fù)合句(一)
賓語(yǔ)從句:
1. She said she would leave the message on the headmaster's desk .
A. that B. where C. which D. what
2. Could you tell me ? I'm his old friend .
A. where does Jim live B. when will Jim come back
C. where Jim has gone D. how is Jim
3. I'm sorry I can't decide to do .
A. what B. how C. when D. where
4. I want to know Mother has put the presents round the Christmas tree .
A. when B. where C. whether D. that
5. He hasn't decide .
A. if he'll go on a trip to Hainan B. when will he go on a trip to Hainan
C. if he goes on a trip to Hainan D. when does he go on a trip to Hainan
6. Do you know the population of Shenyang ?
A. what is B. how much is C. what are D. how many are
7. I don't know when . When he , I'll let you know .
A. will he come , will come B. he will come , comes
C. he comes , will come D. does he come , comes
8. Do you know if back next week ? If he back , please let me know .
A. he comes , will come B. will he come , comes
C. he will come , comes D. will he come , will come
9. -Can you guess if they to play basketball with us ?
-I think they will come if they free .
A. come , are B. will come , will be C. will come , are D. come , will be
10. -Do you know ? I'm going to see him .
-Sorry , I don't know .
A. where does Mr. Li live B. where did Mr. Li live
C. where Mr. Li lives D. where Mr. Li lived
11. Could you tell me ?
A. when shall we start B. who are you waiting for
C. where the bus station is D. why were you late
12. -What did your son say in the letter ?
-He told me that he the Disney World the next day .
A. will visit B. has visited C. is going to visit D. would visit
13. You must remember .
A. what your teacher said B. what did your teacher say
C. your teacher said what D. what has your teacher said
14. In the bookshop , a reader asked the shopkeeper Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book .
A. that B. how C. what D. if
15. -Excuse me . Could you tell me get to the plane ?
-Certainly . Go straight along here .
A. how can we B. how we can C. when can we D. when we can
16. -Be careful ! Don't break the bottles . Do you hear I said , David ?
-Yes , mum .
A. what B. that C. why D. if
17. -Do you know ?
-He's Tom's father .
A. who is he B. what he is C. what's he D. who he is
18. I'd like to know .
A. when will he give back the tape
B. whether has he received higher education
C. that he has been busy
D. whether she will join in our English Evening
19. The students are studying hard , for they know .
A. what are they studying for B. what are they studying
C. what they are studying for D. why they are studying for
20. Will you please tell me ?
A. where Pudong Airport is B. how far Pudong Airport was
C. how can we get to Pudong Airport D. when was Pudong Airport built
21. -Where does he come from ?
-Pardon ?
-I asked where .
A. did he come from B. he came from
C. he comes from D. does he come from
22. Do you think an English film tomorrow night ?
A. is there B. there is going to have
C. there is going to be D. will there be
23. He told me a new bridge in his village the next year .
A. built B. will build C. will be built D. would be built
24. She said she hoped her soon .
A. him to see B. he would see C. him seeing D. he is seeing
主從復(fù)合句(二)
狀語(yǔ)從句:
1. The mountain was steep few people in our city reached the top .
A. so , as B. so , that C. as , as D. too , to
2. Time passed quickly and three months went by we knew it .
A. when B. after C. before D. till
3. -What are you going to do in the future ?
-I'd like to be a doctor you are .
A. so B. as C. what D. when
4. He wait until the rain .
A. won't , will stop B. won't , stop C. will , stops D. will , will stop
5. Although I the truck for half a year , it still looks new .
A. have bought B. bought C. have had D. had
6. -Is David at school today ?
-No . He is at home he has a bad cold .
A. because B. if C. though D. until
7. We'll climb Qianling Hills if it next Sunday .
A. won't rain B. rain C. rainy D. doesn't rain
8. Jim has been in the factory for two years he left school .
A. when B. since C. as soon as D. whether
9. he's very young , he knows several languages .
A. Though , but B. Because , so C. Though , / D. Because , /
10. I was cleaning my room Tom called me .
A. when B. until C. while D. if
